2024 Competitive US Senate Races

The 2024 United States Senate elections were held on November 5, 2024, as part of the 2024 United States elections. Regularly scheduled elections were held for 33 out of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate, plus one seat in a special election.^[4]^[5] Senators are divided into 3 classes whose 6-year terms are staggered so that a different class is elected every 2 years.^[6] Class 1 senators faced election in 2024.^[7] Republicans flipped four Democratic-held seats, regaining a Senate majority for the first time since 2021.

There were 26 senators (15 Democrats, 9 Republicans, and 2 independents) seeking re-election in 2024.^[8] There were also 2 Republicans (Mike Braun of Indiana and Mitt Romney of Utah), 3 Democrats (Ben Cardin of Maryland, Tom Carper of Delaware, Debbie Stabenow of Michigan), and 2 independents (Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) not seeking re-election.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Laphonza Butler of California and George Helmy of New Jersey, Democrats who were appointed to their current seats in 2023 and 2024, respectively, were not seeking election in 2024.^[16]^[17]

Concurrent with the 2024 regular Senate elections, two special Senate elections took place: one in California, to fill the final two months of Dianne Feinstein‘s term following her death in September 2023; and one in Nebraska, to fill the remaining two years of Ben Sasse‘s term following his resignation in January 2023.^[18]^[14]^[19] Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate with 53 seats by flipping the open seat in West Virginia and defeating Democratic incumbents in Montana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, while all Republican incumbents won re-election. This is the first time since 1980 that Republicans flipped control of either chamber of Congress in a presidential year. With Republicans flipping West Virginia, this is the first time since 2014 that Republicans flipped any open Democratic-held seat. Republicans successfully defended all their own seats for the first time since 2014. With Republicans flipping 4 seats, this is the second election of Class 1 senators in a row where they achieved that feat, with them also flipping 4 seats in 2018 (although in 2018 it was only a net of 2).

This election had the highest number of senators elected in a state that was simultaneously won by the presidential nominee of the opposite party (and the first time that Democrats won Senate seats both in open seats and as incumbents in states they did not carry in the concurrent presidential election) since 2012: Democrats Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, Ruben Gallego of Arizona, Jacky Rosen of Nevada, and Elissa Slotkin of Michigan were narrowly elected in states carried by Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] These mismatches are twice as many splits between states’ presidential and U.S. Senate results than in all Senate elections held in 2020, 2021 and 2022 combined.^[24] No states had splits in the other direction, electing Republican senators but picking Democrat Kamala Harris for president, although Pennsylvania, electing Republican Dave McCormick by 0.2% in the year’s closest senate race, was also 2024’s tipping point state.^[25]^[26]

Partisan composition

All 33 Class 1 Senate seats, and one Class 2 seat, were up for election in 2024; where Class 1 currently consists of 20 Democrats, 4 independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats,^[e] and 10 Republicans.

Burgess Everett of Politico considered the map for these Senate elections to be highly unfavorable to Democrats. Democrats were to defend 23 of the 33 Class 1 seats,^[29] including three in states won by Republican Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. In contrast, there are no seats in this class held by Republicans in states won by Democrat Joe Biden in 2020. In the previous Senate election cycle that coincided with a presidential election (2020), only one senator (Susan Collins of Maine) was elected in a state that was simultaneously won by the presidential nominee of the opposite party.^[30]

Time's Eric Cortellessa wrote that the thesis of the Republican’s success boiled down to the simple slogan “Max out the men and hold the women”, meaning emphasizing the economy and immigration, which Trump did “relentlessly”. Cortellessa also mentioned Trump’s minimization of his numerous controversies, and push-offs of criminal trials via “a combination of friendly judges and legal postponements” to after the election. He said Trump’s “advanced age and increasingly incoherent trail rhetoric” were taken by voters in stride, and that “much of the country read Trump’s legal woes as part of a larger corrupt conspiracy to deny him, and them, power”.^[31] NPR wrote that “Americans have continued to chafe at higher than pre-pandemic prices and the lack of affordable housing”, and that much of the voter placed the blame “squarely” on the Biden administration, wishing for the economy that Trump established years ago. NPR said demographics played an important role, with White voters going up as a share of the electorate from 67% to 71% and the Republicans winning 46% of Latinos, and mentioned polling’s “continued underestimation of Republicans’s support nationally and in the key swing states”.^[32]

Summary results

Seats

Parties		Democratic	Independent	Republican	Total
Parties					Total
Last elections (2022)		49	2	49	100
Before these elections		47	4	49	100
Not up		28	–	38	66
	Class 2 (2020→2026)	13	–	19	32
	Class 3 (2022→2028)	15	–	19	34

Up		19^[f]	4^[g]	11	33
	Class 1 (2018→2024)	21^[g]	2	10	33
	Special: Class 1 & 2	1^[f]	—	1^[h]	2

General election
Incumbent retiring		5^[f]	2	2	9
	Held by same party	5	—	2	7
	Replaced by other party	1 Independent replaced by 1 Republican 1 Independent replaced by 1 Democrat			2
	Result	6	—	3	9
Incumbent running		13	2	8	23
	Won re-election	10	2	8	20
	Lost re-election	3 Democrats replaced by 3 Republicans			3
	Result	10	2	11	23

Special elections
Appointee retiring		1^[f]	—	—	1
Appointee running		–	–	1^[h]	1
	Individuals elected	1	–	1	2
	Result	1	–	1	2

Result		45	2	53	100

Change in composition

Each block represents one of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate. “D#” is a Democratic/active senator, “I#” is an Independent senator, and “R#” is a Republican/active senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.

Before the elections

Each block indicates an incumbent senator’s actions going into the election.

D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈	D₉	D₁₀
D₂₀	D₁₉	D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁
D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈	D₂₉ Calif. Retiring	D₃₀ Conn. Running
D₄₀ N.M. Running	D₃₉ N.J. Retiring	D₃₈ Nev. Running	D₃₇ Mont. Running	D₃₆ Minn. Running	D₃₅ Mich. Retiring	D₃₄ Mass. Running	D₃₃ Md. Retiring	D₃₂ Hawaii Running	D₃₁ Del. Retiring
D₄₁ N.Y. Running	D₄₂ Ohio Running	D₄₃ Pa. Running	D₄₄ R.I. Running	D₄₅ Va. Running	D₄₆ Wash. Running	D₄₇ Wis. Running	I₁ Ariz. Retiring	I₂ Maine Running	I₃ Vt. Running
Majority (with Independents) ↑									I₃ Vt. Running
R₄₁ Miss. Running	R₄₂ Mo. Running	R₄₃ Neb. (reg) Running	R₄₄ Neb. (sp) Running	R₄₅ N.D. Running	R₄₆ Tenn. Running	R₄₇ Texas Running	R₄₈ Utah Retiring	R₄₉ Wyo. Running	I₄ W.Va. Retiring
R₄₀ Ind. Retiring	R₃₉ Fla. Running	R₃₈	R₃₇	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁
R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀
R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁
R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈	R₉	R₁₀

After the elections

D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈	D₉	D₁₀
D₂₀	D₁₉	D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁
D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈	D₂₉ Calif. Hold	D₃₀ Conn. Re-elected
D₄₀ N.Y. Re-elected	D₃₉ N.M. Re-elected	D₃₈ N.J. Hold	D₃₇ Nev. Re-elected	D₃₆ Minn. Re-elected	D₃₅ Mich. Hold	D₃₄ Mass. Re-elected	D₃₃ Md. Hold	D₃₂ Hawaii Re-elected	D₃₁ Del. Hold
D₄₁ R.I. Re-elected	D₄₂ Va. Re-elected	D₄₃ Wash. Re-elected	D₄₄ Wisc. Re-elected	D₄₅ Ariz. Gain	I₁ Maine Re-elected	I₂ Vt. Re-elected	R₅₃ W.Va. Gain	R₅₂ Pa. Gain	R₅₁ Ohio Gain
Majority →									R₅₁ Ohio Gain
R₄₁ Miss. Re-elected	R₄₂ Mo. Re-elected	R₄₃ Neb. (reg) Re-elected	R₄₄ Neb. (sp) Elected^[i]	R₄₅ N.D. Re-elected	R₄₆ Tenn. Re-elected	R₄₇ Texas Re-elected	R₄₈ Utah Hold	R₄₉ Wyo. Re-elected	R₅₀ Mont. Gain
R₄₀ Ind. Hold	R₃₉ Fla. Re-elected	R₃₈	R₃₇	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁
R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀
R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁
R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈	R₉	R₁₀

Key

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican
I_#	Independent, caucusing with Democrats

Predictions

Several sites and individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running for reelection) and the other candidates, and the state’s partisan lean (reflected in part by the state’s Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assigned ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party had in winning that seat. Most election predictors used:

“tossup“: no advantage
“tilt” (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as “lean”
“lean” or “leans“: slight advantage
“likely“: significant, but surmountable, advantage
“safe” or “solid“: near-certain chance of victory

Constituency		Incumbent		Ratings
State	PVI^[33]	Senator	Last election^[j]	Cook Oct. 21, 2024^[34]	IE Oct. 31, 2024^[35]	Sabato Nov. 4, 2024^[36]	RCP Oct. 30, 2024^[37]	ED Nov. 4, 2024^[38]	CNalysis Nov. 4, 2024^[39]	DDHQ/The Hill Nov. 5, 2024^[40]	Fox Oct. 29, 2024^[41]	538 Nov. 2, 2024^[42]	Result
Arizona	R+2	Kyrsten Sinema (retiring)	50.0% D^[k]	Lean D (flip)	Lean D (flip)	Lean D (flip)	Tossup	Likely D (flip)	Likely D (flip)	Lean D (flip)	Lean D (flip)	Likely D (flip)	Gallego 50.1% D (flip)
California^[l]	D+13	Laphonza Butler (retiring)	Appointed (2023)^[m]	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Schiff 59.0% D
Connecticut	D+7	Chris Murphy	59.5% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Murphy 58.6% D
Delaware	D+7	Tom Carper (retiring)	60.0% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Blunt Rochester 56.6% D
Florida	R+3	Rick Scott	50.1% R	Likely R	Likely R	Likely R	Lean R	Likely R	Likely R	Lean R	Likely R	Likely R	Scott 55.7% R
Hawaii	D+14	Mazie Hirono	71.2% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Hirono 64.6% D
Indiana	R+11	Mike Braun (retiring)	50.7% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Banks 58.7% R
Maine	D+2	Angus King	54.3% I	Solid I	Solid I	Safe I	Solid I	Safe I	Solid I	Safe I	Solid I	Likely I	King 51.8% I
Maryland	D+14	Ben Cardin (retiring)	64.9% D	Likely D	Likely D	Likely D	Lean D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Lean D	Solid D	Alsobrooks 54.7% D
Massachusetts	D+15	Elizabeth Warren	60.3% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Warren 59.4% D
Michigan	R+1	Debbie Stabenow (retiring)	52.3% D	Tossup	Tilt D	Lean D	Tossup	Lean D	Lean D	Lean D	Tossup	Likely D	Slotkin 48.6% D
Minnesota	D+1	Amy Klobuchar	60.3% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Klobuchar 56.3% D
Mississippi	R+11	Roger Wicker	58.5% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Wicker 63.4% R
Missouri	R+10	Josh Hawley	51.4% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Likely R	Safe R	Solid R	Likely R	Solid R	Solid R	Hawley 55.6% R
Montana	R+11	Jon Tester	50.3% D	Lean R (flip)	Tilt R (flip)	Lean R (flip)	Lean R (flip)	Lean R (flip)	Tilt R (flip)	Likely R (flip)	Lean R (flip)	Likely R (flip)	Sheehy 52.6% R (flip)
Nebraska (regular)	R+13	Deb Fischer	57.7% R	Lean R	Lean R	Lean R	Lean R	Likely R	Tilt R	Likely R	Lean R	Likely R	Fischer 53.6% R
Nebraska (special)	R+13	Pete Ricketts	Appointed (2023)^[n]	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Ricketts 62.8% R
Nevada	R+1	Jacky Rosen	50.4% D	Lean D	Lean D	Lean D	Tossup	Likely D	Lean D	Lean D	Lean D	Likely D	Rosen 47.9% D
New Jersey	D+6	George Helmy (retiring)	Appointed (2024)^[o]	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Likely D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Likely D	Kim 53.6% D
New Mexico	D+3	Martin Heinrich	54.1% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Lean D	Safe D	Solid D	Likely D	Likely D	Solid D	Heinrich 55.1% D
New York	D+10	Kirsten Gillibrand	67.0% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Gillibrand 58.5% D
North Dakota	R+20	Kevin Cramer	55.1% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Cramer 66.5% R
Ohio	R+6	Sherrod Brown	53.4% D	Tossup	Tossup	Lean R (flip)	Tossup	Lean D	Tilt D	Tossup	Tossup	Tossup	Moreno 50.2% R (flip)
Pennsylvania	R+2	Bob Casey Jr.	55.7% D	Tossup	Tilt D	Lean D	Tossup	Lean D	Lean D	Tossup	Tossup	Lean D	McCormick 48.8% R (flip)
Rhode Island	D+8	Sheldon Whitehouse	61.4% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Whitehouse 60.0% D
Tennessee	R+14	Marsha Blackburn	54.7% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Blackburn 63.8% R
Texas	R+5	Ted Cruz	50.9% R	Lean R	Tilt R	Lean R	Tossup	Lean R	Tilt R	Lean R	Likely R	Likely R	Cruz 53.1% R
Utah	R+13	Mitt Romney (retiring)	62.6% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Curtis 62.5% R
Vermont	D+16	Bernie Sanders	67.4% I	Solid I	Solid I	Safe I	Solid I	Safe I	Solid I	Safe I	Solid I	Solid I	Sanders 63.3% I
Virginia	D+3	Tim Kaine	57.0% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Likely D	Safe D	Solid D	Likely D	Solid D	Likely D	Kaine 54.5% D
Washington	D+8	Maria Cantwell	58.4% D	Solid D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Safe D	Solid D	Solid D	Cantwell 59.4% D
West Virginia	R+22	Joe Manchin (retiring)	49.6% D^[p]	Solid R (flip)	Solid R (flip)	Safe R (flip)	Solid R (flip)	Safe R (flip)	Solid R (flip)	Safe R (flip)	Solid R (flip)	Solid R (flip)	Justice 68.8% R (flip)
Wisconsin	R+2	Tammy Baldwin	55.4% D	Tossup	Tilt D	Lean D	Tossup	Lean D	Lean D	Tossup	Tossup	Lean D	Baldwin 49.4% D
Wyoming	R+25	John Barrasso	67.0% R	Solid R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Safe R	Solid R	Solid R	Barrasso 75.7% R
Overall^[q]				D/I – 45 R – 51 4 tossups	D/I – 48 R – 51 1 tossup	D/I – 48 R – 52 0 tossups	D/I – 43 R – 50 7 tossups	D/I – 49 R – 51 0 tossups	D/I – 49 R – 51 0 tossups	D/I – 46 R – 51 3 tossups	D/I – 45 R – 51 4 tossups	D/I – 48 R – 51 1 tossup	Results: D/I – 47 R – 53

Gains and holds

Retirements

Two Independents, two Republicans and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. Senator Dianne Feinstein had previously announced her intent to retire at the end of her term; however, she died in office on September 29, 2023.

State	Senator	Replaced by	Ref
Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	Ruben Gallego	^[15]
California	Laphonza Butler	Adam Schiff	^[16]
Delaware	Tom Carper	Lisa Blunt Rochester	^[11]
Indiana	Mike Braun	Jim Banks	^[9]
Maryland	Ben Cardin	Angela Alsobrooks	^[10]
Michigan	Debbie Stabenow	Elissa Slotkin	^[14]
New Jersey	George Helmy	Andy Kim	^[17]
Utah	Mitt Romney	John Curtis	^[12]
West Virginia	Joe Manchin	Jim Justice	^[13]

Defeats

Three Democrats sought re-election but lost in the general election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Montana	Jon Tester	Tim Sheehy
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	Bernie Moreno
Pennsylvania	Bob Casey Jr.	Dave McCormick

Post-election changes

Two Republicans — Vice President-elect JD Vance and Secretary of State-designate Marco Rubio — are set to resign on or before January 20, 2025.

State	Senator	Replaced by	Ref
Ohio (Class 3)	JD Vance	TBD	^[44]
Florida (Class 3)	Marco Rubio	TBD	^[45]

Race summary

Special elections during the preceding Congress

In each special election, the winner’s term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state’s government.

Elections are sorted by date then state.

State	Incumbent			Status	Candidates^[46]
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Status	Candidates^[46]
California (Class 1)	Laphonza Butler	Democratic	2023 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired.^[16] Democratic hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Adam Schiff (Democratic) 58.8% ▌Steve Garvey (Republican) 41.2%
Nebraska (Class 2)	Pete Ricketts	Republican	2023 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected.	▌Y Pete Ricketts (Republican) 62.8% ▌Preston Love Jr. (Democratic) 37.2%

Elections leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3, 2025.

State	Incumbent				Candidates^[46]
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Result	Candidates^[46]
Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	Independent	2018^[k]	Incumbent retiring.^[15] Democratic gain.	▌Y Ruben Gallego (Democratic) 50.1% ▌Kari Lake (Republican) 47.7% ▌Eduardo Heredia-Quintana (Green) 2.3%
California	Laphonza Butler	Democratic	2023 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired.^[16] Democratic hold. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above.	▌Y Adam Schiff (Democratic) 59.0% ▌Steve Garvey (Republican) 41.0%
Connecticut	Chris Murphy	Democratic	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Chris Murphy (Democratic) 58.6% ▌Matthew Corey (Republican) 39.7% ▌Robert F. Hyde (Independent) 0.9% ▌Justin Paglino (Green) 0.8%
Delaware	Tom Carper	Democratic	2000 2006 2012 2018	Incumbent retiring.^[11] Democratic hold.	▌Y Lisa Blunt Rochester (Democratic) 56.6% ▌Eric Hansen (Republican) 39.5% ▌Michael Katz (Independent Party) 3.9%
Florida	Rick Scott	Republican	2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Rick Scott (Republican) 55.6% ▌Debbie Mucarsel-Powell (Democratic) 42.8% ▌Ben Everidge (Independent) 0.6% ▌Feena Bonoan (Libertarian) 0.5% ▌Tuan Nguyen (Independent) 0.5%
Hawaii	Mazie Hirono	Democratic	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Mazie Hirono (Democratic) 64.6% ▌Bob McDermott (Republican) 31.9% ▌Shelby Billionaire (We the People) 1.8% ▌Emma Pohlman (Green) 1.7%
Indiana	Mike Braun	Republican	2018	Incumbent retiring to run for governor.^[9] Republican hold.	▌Y Jim Banks (Republican) 58.7% ▌Valerie McCray (Democratic) 38.8% ▌Andy Horning (Libertarian) 2.6%
Maine	Angus King	Independent	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Angus King (Independent) 51.8% ▌Demitroula Kouzounas (Republican) 34.6% ▌David Costello (Democratic) 10.6% ▌Jason Cherry (Independent) 2.5%
Maryland	Ben Cardin	Democratic	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent retiring.^[10] Democratic hold.	▌Y Angela Alsobrooks (Democratic) 54.7% ▌Larry Hogan (Republican) 43.0% ▌Mike Scott (Libertarian) 2.3%
Massachusetts	Elizabeth Warren	Democratic	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Elizabeth Warren (Democratic) 59.4% ▌John Deaton (Republican) 40.6%
Michigan	Debbie Stabenow	Democratic	2000 2006 2012 2018	Incumbent retiring.^[14] Democratic hold.	▌Y Elissa Slotkin (Democratic) 48.6% ▌Mike Rogers (Republican) 48.3% ▌Joseph Solis-Mullen (Libertarian) 1.0% ▌Douglas Marsh (Green) 1.0% ▌Dave Stein (Constitution) 0.7% ▌Doug Dern (Natural Law) 0.3%
Minnesota	Amy Klobuchar	DFL	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Amy Klobuchar (DFL) 56.3% ▌Royce White (Republican) 40.5% ▌Rebecca Whiting (Libertarian) 1.7% ▌Joyce Lacey (Independence) 1.5%
Mississippi	Roger Wicker	Republican	2007 (appointed) 2008 (special) 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Roger Wicker (Republican) 63.4% ▌Ty Pinkins (Democratic) 36.6%
Missouri	Josh Hawley	Republican	2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Josh Hawley (Republican) 55.6% ▌Lucas Kunce (Democratic) 41.8% ▌W. C. Young (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Jared Young (Independent) 0.7% ▌Nathan Kline (Green) 0.7%
Montana	Jon Tester	Democratic	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Tim Sheehy (Republican) 52.6% ▌Jon Tester (Democratic) 45.5% ▌Sid Daoud (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Michael Downey (Green) 0.7%
Nebraska	Deb Fischer	Republican	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Deb Fischer (Republican) 53.6% ▌Dan Osborn (Independent) 46.4%
Nevada	Jacky Rosen	Democratic	2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Jacky Rosen (Democratic) 47.9% ▌Sam Brown (Republican) 46.2% ▌None of These Candidates 3.0% ▌Janine Hansen (Independent American) 1.5% ▌Christopher Cunningham (Libertarian) 1.4%
New Jersey	George Helmy	Democratic	2024 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired.^[17] Democratic hold. Interim appointee resigned December 8, 2024, to give Kim preferential seniority. Winner appointed the same day.	▌Y Andy Kim (Democratic) 53.6% ▌Curtis Bashaw (Republican) 44.0% ▌Christina Khalil (Green) 1.1% ▌Ken Kaplan (Libertarian) 0.6% ▌Patricia Mooneyham (Independent) 0.4% ▌Joanne Kuniansky (Socialist Workers) 0.2%
New Mexico	Martin Heinrich	Democratic	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Martin Heinrich (Democratic) 55.1% ▌Nella Domenici (Republican) 44.9%
New York	Kirsten Gillibrand	Democratic	2009 (appointed) 2010 (special) 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Kirsten Gillibrand (Democratic) 58.5% ▌Mike Sapraicone (Republican) 41.0% ▌Diane Sare (LaRouche) 0.5%
North Dakota	Kevin Cramer	Republican	2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Kevin Cramer (Republican) 66.5% ▌Katrina Christiansen (Democratic–NPL) 33.5%
Ohio	Sherrod Brown	Democratic	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Bernie Moreno (Republican) 50.2% ▌Sherrod Brown (Democratic) 46.4% ▌Don Kissick (Libertarian) 3.4%
Pennsylvania	Bob Casey Jr.	Democratic	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y David McCormick (Republican) 48.8% ▌Bob Casey Jr. (Democratic) 48.6% ▌John Thomas (Libertarian) 1.3% ▌Leila Hazou (Green) 1.0% ▌Marty Selker (Constitution) 0.3%
Rhode Island	Sheldon Whitehouse	Democratic	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Sheldon Whitehouse (Democratic) 60.0% ▌Patricia Morgan (Republican) 40.0%
Tennessee	Marsha Blackburn	Republican	2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Marsha Blackburn (Republican) 63.8% ▌Gloria Johnson (Democratic) 34.2% ▌Tharon Chandler (Independent) 0.9% ▌Pamela Moses (Independent) 0.8% ▌Hastina Robinson (Independent) 0.3%
Texas	Ted Cruz	Republican	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Ted Cruz (Republican) 53.1% ▌Colin Allred (Democratic) 44.5% ▌Ted Brown (Libertarian) 2.4%
Utah	Mitt Romney	Republican	2018	Incumbent retiring.^[12] Republican hold.	▌Y John Curtis (Republican) 62.5% ▌Caroline Gleich (Democratic) 31.8% ▌Carlton Bowen (Independent American) 5.7%
Vermont	Bernie Sanders	Independent	2006 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Bernie Sanders (Independent) 63.3% ▌Gerald Malloy (Republican) 32.1% ▌Steve Berry (Independent) 2.2% ▌Matt Hill (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Justin Schoville (Peace and Justice) 0.9% ▌Matt Stewart Greenstein (Independent) 0.3%
Virginia	Tim Kaine	Democratic	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Tim Kaine (Democratic) 54.1% ▌Hung Cao (Republican) 45.9%
Washington	Maria Cantwell	Democratic	2000 2006 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Maria Cantwell (Democratic) 59.4% ▌Raul Garcia (Republican) 40.5%
West Virginia	Joe Manchin	Independent	2010 (special)^[p] 2012 2018	Incumbent retiring.^[13] Republican gain.	▌Y Jim Justice (Republican) 68.8% ▌Glenn Elliott (Democratic) 27.8% ▌David Moran (Libertarian) 3.5%
Wisconsin	Tammy Baldwin	Democratic	2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Tammy Baldwin (Democratic) 49.4% ▌Eric Hovde (Republican) 48.5% ▌Phil Anderson (Disrupt the Corruption) 1.2% ▌Thomas Leager (America First) 0.9%
Wyoming	John Barrasso	Republican	2007 (appointed) 2008 (special) 2012 2018	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Barrasso (Republican) 75.7% ▌Scott Morrow (Democratic) 24.3%

Closest races

11 races had a margin of victory under 10%:^[46]

State	Party of winner	Margin
Pennsylvania	Republican (flip)	0.22%
Michigan	Democratic	0.34%
Wisconsin	Democratic	0.85%
Nevada	Democratic	1.64%
Arizona	Democratic	2.41%
Ohio	Republican (flip)	3.62%
Nebraska (regular)	Republican	6.67%
Montana	Republican (flip)	7.14%^[r]
Texas	Republican	8.50%
Virginia	Democratic	8.93%
New Jersey	Democratic	9.62%

Arizona

One-term independent Kyrsten Sinema was narrowly elected in 2018 as a Democrat with 50.0% of the vote. She left the Democratic Party in December 2022.^[47] Sinema announced on March 5, 2024, that she would not run for reelection.^[48]

Prior to her retirement announcement, Sinema was considered vulnerable to challengers from the Democratic Party due to her opposition to some of President Joe Biden‘s agenda,^[49] and U.S. representative Ruben Gallego launched an early bid for the Democratic nomination, which he won with no opposition.^[50]^[51]

Among Republicans, Pinal County sheriff Mark Lamb and 2022 gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake have announced their candidacies.^[52]^[53] Lake won the Republican primary by less than expected.

California

Five-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein was reelected in 2018 with 54.2% of the vote against another Democrat. On February 14, 2023, Feinstein announced that she would not seek reelection to a sixth term.^[54] However, she died on September 29, 2023, leaving the seat vacant. Democrat Laphonza Butler, president of EMILY’s List, was appointed by California governor Gavin Newsom to succeed Feinstein on October 2, 2023.^[55] Butler is not running for election to a full term, or for the final two months of the current term.^[16]

There were three major Democratic candidates for the seat — U.S. representatives Barbara Lee, Katie Porter, and Adam Schiff — along with former professional baseball player Steve Garvey running as a Republican.^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60] Schiff was viewed as representing the establishment wing of the Democratic Party, while Porter and Lee represent the progressive wing.^[61]

Schiff and Garvey won the non-partisan primary election which took place on March 5, 2024, during Super Tuesday, setting up a general election campaign between the two.^[61]

Due to California’s election rules, similar to the previous election for the other seat, there will be two ballot items for the same seat: a general election, to elect a Class 1 senator to a full term beginning with the 119th United States Congress, to be sworn in on January 3, 2025; and a special election, to fill that seat for the final weeks of the 118th Congress.

Connecticut

Two-term Democrat Chris Murphy was reelected in 2018 with 59.5% of the vote. He has announced he is running for a third term.^[62] Beacon Falls First Selectman Gerry Smith announced his campaign in early February 2024.^[63] The Republican primary was won by tavern owner Matthew Corey,^[64] who was the Republican nominee in 2018.^[65]

Delaware

Four-term Democrat Tom Carper was reelected in 2018 with 60.0% of the vote. He announced on May 22, 2023, that he will be retiring, and will not run for a fifth term.^[66]

Delaware’s at-large U.S. representative Lisa Blunt Rochester is running for the Democratic nomination to succeed Carper, who endorsed her when he announced his retirement.^[67]^[68]

Term-limited governor John Carney was also considered a possible Democratic candidate.^[66]^[69] Carney announced that he is running for mayor of Wilmington.^[70]

Among Republicans, businessman Eric Hansen has announced his candidacy.^[71]

Florida

Former governor and incumbent one-term Republican Rick Scott was narrowly elected in 2018 with 50.06% of the vote. He ran for reelection to a second term.^[72] Brevard County assistant district attorney Keith Gross and actor John Columbus challenged Scott for the Republican nomination.^[73]^[74] Primary elections took place on August 20, 2024.^[75]

Scott won a second term, defeating Democratic former congresswoman Debbie Mucarsel-Powell.^[76]

Hawaii

Two-term Democrat Mazie Hirono was reelected in 2018 with 71.2% of the vote. Hirono is running for a third term.^[77] Former state representative Bob McDermott won a 6-candidate race to be the Republican nominee.^[78]

Indiana

One-term Republican Mike Braun was elected in 2018 with 50.8% of the vote. Braun is retiring to prepare to run for governor of Indiana.^[9] U.S. representative Jim Banks ran unopposed in the primary after his only competition, businessman John Rust, was disqualified.^[79]

Psychologist Valerie McCray defeated former state representative Marc Carmichael for the Democratic nomination.^[80]

Maine

Two-term Independent incumbent Angus King was reelected in 2018 with 54.3% of the vote in a three-candidate election. He intends to run for a third term, despite previously hinting that he may retire.^[81]

Democratic consultant David Costello and dentist Demitroula Kouzounas, a former Maine Republican Party chair, each won their respective party primaries unopposed.^[82] They will both face King in the general election in November.

Maryland

Three-term Democrat Ben Cardin was reelected in 2018 with 64.9% of the vote. On May 1, 2023, Cardin announced he is not running for reelection.^[83]

Prince George’s County executive Angela Alsobrooks defeated U.S. representative David Trone for the Democratic nomination after a contentious primary, where Trone spent heavily from his personal wealth while Alsobrooks had the support of most elected Democrats.^[84]

Former governor Larry Hogan easily defeated conservative former state delegate Robin Ficker for the Republican nomination.^[85] A popular moderate known for his political independence, Hogan had previously declined to run,^[86] but unexpectedly filed to run hours before the candidate filing deadline.^[87]

Massachusetts

Two-term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. On March 27, 2023, Warren announced that she is running for reelection.^[88]

Software company owner Robert Antonellis,^[89] Quincy City Council president Ian Cain,^[90] and attorney John Deaton^[91] are running as Republicans.

Michigan

Four-term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was reelected in 2018 with 52.3% of the vote. She announced on January 5, 2023, that she will retire, and will not run for a fifth term.^[14]

Representative Elissa Slotkin,^[92] and state representative Leslie Love^[93] have announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. Businessman and 2006 Republican candidate for this seat Nasser Beydoun has also declared his candidacy as a Democrat.^[94] Actor Hill Harper announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination in July 2023.^[95]

The primary took place on August 6, 2024. Former U.S. representatives Mike Rogers, Justin Amash, and hedge fund manager Sandy Pensler^[96] ran for the Republican nomination.^[97]^[98]^[99]^[100]

Representative John James, the Republican nominee for this seat in 2018 and for Michigan’s other Senate seat in 2020, declined to run.^[101]

The nominees are Slotkin and Rogers, who easily won their primaries as expected.

Minnesota

Three-term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. She is running for a fourth term.^[77]

In the August 13 Republican primary, former NBA basketball player Royce White won an eight-candidate primary with 38% of the vote, with banker and retired U.S. Navy commander Joe Fraser finishing second with 29% of the vote^[102]
Third-party candidates consist of guardianship advocate and Republican candidate for governor in 2022, Independence-Alliance Party candidate, Joyce Lacy.^[103]

Mississippi

Two-term Republican Roger Wicker was reelected in 2018 with 58.5% of the vote. Wicker is running for a third full term. He faced a primary challenge from conservative state representative Dan Eubanks and won by a comfortable margin.^[104] Wicker will face Democratic lawyer Ty Pinkins in the general election.^[105]

Missouri

One-term Republican Josh Hawley was elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote. He is running for reelection.^[106]

Marine veteran Lucas Kunce, who ran unsuccessfully for the Class III seat in 2022, won the Democratic nomination on August 6, 2024.^[107]

Montana

Three-term Democrat Jon Tester was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.3% of the vote. On February 22, 2023, he announced he is running for a fourth term. Tester is one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represent states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.^[108]

Businessman and former Navy SEAL officer Tim Sheehy won the Republican nomination.^[109] U.S. representative Matt Rosendale, also a Republican, ran against Sheehy for the nomination in February,^[110] but withdrew from the race days later.^[111] Sheehy defeated Tester in the general election, marking the first since 1911 that the Republican Party controlled both of Montana’s senate seats.

Nebraska

There were two elections in Nebraska, due to the resignation of Ben Sasse.

Nebraska (regular)

Two-term Republican Deb Fischer was reelected in 2018 with 57.7% of the vote. On May 14, 2021, Fischer announced she is seeking reelection, despite previously declaring an intention to retire.^[112]

Dan Osborn, a union leader and steamfitter, is running as an independent. Since Osborn declared, the Democratic Party fielded no candidates in order to endorse him, but he stated he would accept the help of no parties.^[113]

Nebraska (special)

Two-term Republican Ben Sasse resigned his seat on January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida.^[114]^[18] Former governor and 2006 Senate nominee Pete Ricketts was appointed by Governor Jim Pillen and a special election for the seat will take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections. Ricketts defeated Air Force veteran John Glen Weaver for the Republican nomination.^[115] Former University of Nebraska Omaha professor Preston Love Jr. is running as a Democrat.^[116]

Nevada

One-term Democrat Jacky Rosen was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote. Rosen is running for a second term.^[77]

Veteran and 2022 Senate candidate Sam Brown was declared the Republican nominee after winning the June 11 primary.^[117] Brown easily won against former ambassador to Iceland Jeffrey Ross Gunter and former state assemblyman Jim Marchant, among others.

New Jersey

Democrat Bob Menendez was reelected in 2018 with 54.0% of the vote. On July 13, 2021, The New Jersey Globe reported that Menendez planned to run for a fourth full term.^[118]^[119] On September 22, 2023, Menendez was indicted on federal bribery charges.^[120] On March 14, 2024, a week after his planned retirement, Menendez reversed his decision and attempted to run for re-election as an Independent candidate.^[121] Following his conviction on July 16, he announced that he would resign on August 20 and suspend his candidacy.^[122]^[123] Governor Phil Murphy announced that day he would appoint George Helmy, his former chief of staff, to serve as the caretaker before the election.^[124]

Financier and current first lady of New Jersey Tammy Murphy also ran for the Democratic nomination, but ended her campaign in March 2024.^[125]

Mendham mayor Christine Serrano Glassner^[126] and real estate developer Curtis Bashaw^[127] ran for the Republican nomination.^[128] On June 4, 2024, Bashaw won the Republican primary in an upset.^[129]

New Mexico

Two-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was reelected in 2018 with 54.1% of the vote in a three-candidate race. He is running for a third term.^[130] Hedge fund executive Nella Domenici, daughter of Pete Domenici, senator from 1973 to 2009, announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination on January 17, 2024.^[131]

New York

Two-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. She is running for a third full term.^[132]

Former New York City Police detective Mike Sapraicone has declared his candidacy as a Republican.^[133]

North Dakota

One-term Republican Kevin Cramer was elected in 2018 with 55.1% of the vote. Cramer is running for re-election.^[134]

Democrat Katrina Christiansen, an engineering professor from the University of Jamestown and candidate for the Senate in 2022 is her party’s nominee.^[135]

Ohio

Three-term Democrat Sherrod Brown was reelected in 2018 with 53.4% of the vote. Brown is running for a fourth term. He is also one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represent states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.^[136]

The Republican nominee is businessman Bernie Moreno, who defeated state senator Matt Dolan and secretary of state Frank LaRose in the primary election.^[137]

Moreno defeated Brown in the general election 50.1% to 46.5%.

Pennsylvania

Three-term Democrat Bob Casey Jr., was reelected in 2018 with 55.7% of the vote. Casey was running for a fourth term.^[138] He was challenged by engineer Blaine Forkner.^[139]

2022 Senate candidate David McCormick was the Republican nominee.^[140] McCormick won from Casey by 48.8% to 48.6% in the November 5, 2024 general election.^[141] Initially, despite the Associated Press calling the race for McCormick, Casey refused to concede the race due to unknown numbers of outstanding provisional ballots in primarily urban areas.^[142] Senate majority leader Chuck Schumer originally did not invite McCormick to the “New Senator Orientation Event,” however Schumer relented after criticism from Republicans and independent Arizona senator Kyrsten Sinema.^[143]^[144]
Casey eventually conceded on November 21 and McCormick was officially declared the winner.

Rhode Island

Three-term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected in 2018 with 61.4% of the vote. He is running for a fourth term. Republicans who have announced their candidacies include state representative Patricia Morgan^[145] and IT professional Raymond McKay.^[146]

Tennessee

One-term Republican Marsha Blackburn was elected in 2018 with 54.7% of the vote. Blackburn has filed paperwork to run for reelection. The Democratic nominee is state representative Gloria Johnson.^[147]

Texas

Ted Cruz ran for a third Senate term.^[148] He faced Democratic nominee Colin Allred, a former NFL player and congressman, who defeated state senator Roland Gutierrez and state representative Carl Sherman in the primary election.^[149]^[150]^[151] Cruz defeated Allred on November 5, 2024, by 53.1% to 44.6%.^[152]

Utah

One-term Republican Mitt Romney was elected in 2018 with 62.6% of the vote. On September 13, 2023, Romney announced he would not seek reelection in 2024.^[153]

The Republican nominee is U.S. representative John Curtis,^[154] who defeated Riverton Mayor Trent Staggs,^[155] and state House speaker Brad Wilson,^[156] in the primary election.

The Democratic nominee is professional skier Caroline Gleich.^[157]

Vermont

Three-term independent Bernie Sanders was re-elected in 2018 with 67.4% of the vote. He is being challenged by artist Cris Ericson, an independent perennial candidate.^[158] Businessman Gerald Malloy, who was the Republican nominee for the Senate in 2022, secured the Republican nomination unopposed.^[159]

Virginia

Two-term Democrat Tim Kaine was reelected in 2018 with 57.0% of the vote. On January 20, 2023, he confirmed he is running for reelection to a third term.^[160] Governor Glenn Youngkin, who will be term-limited in 2025, was considered a possible Republican candidate.^[161]

On July 18, 2023, Navy veteran Hung Cao announced he would run as a Republican. Cao unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives against Democrat Jennifer Wexton in 2022.^[162]

Washington

Four-term Democrat Maria Cantwell was reelected in 2018 with 58.4% of the vote.

Emergency room physician Raul Garcia announced that he would run as a Republican.^[163]

West Virginia

Independent Joe Manchin, who was elected as a Democrat, was re-elected in 2018 with 49.6% of the vote. On November 9, 2023, Manchin announced he would not seek re-election.^[13] Since Manchin announced his retirement, all major outlets have rated this seat as expected to flip to GOP control, which would put this seat in Republican hands for the first time in 68 years.

Popular governor Jim Justice easily defeated U.S. representative Alex Mooney^[164] in the Republican primary.

Wheeling mayor Glenn Elliott, who has Manchin’s endorsement,^[165] defeated community organizer and U.S. Marine Corps veteran Zachary Shrewsbury and former coal executive Don Blankenship in the primary for the Democratic Party nomination.^[166]

Wisconsin

Two-term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was reelected in 2018 with 55.4% of the vote. She is running for reelection.^[167] Hedge fund manager Eric Hovde, candidate for the Senate in 2012, announced a second attempt at the Republican nomination. Former Milwaukee County sheriff David Clarke^[168] was seen as a potential Republican challenger to Hovde’s bid, but never ended up beginning a campaign for Senate.^[169]^[170]

Wyoming

Republican John Barrasso was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. On April 19, 2024, Barrasso announced he would run for reelection.^[171] Former Postal Union president Scott Morrow is the Democratic nominee.^[172]

Barrasso easily defeated his Republican primary challengers John Holtz and Reid Rasner on August 20, 2024.^[173]

Notes

^ Majority control in an evenly divided Senate is determined by the Vice President of the United States, who has the power to break tied votes in their constitutional capacity as President of the Senate; accordingly, Senate control requires 51 seats or 50 seats with control of the vice presidency.
^ The U.S. vice president, who will be determined in 2024, breaks ties in a 50–50 Senate. Republicans need 50 seats if they win the vice presidency or 51 if they do not.
^ ^a ^b All 4 independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Angus King of Maine, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) caucus with the Senate Democrats.^[2]^[3]
^ ^a ^b Both independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, and Angus King of Maine) caucus with the Senate Democrats.
^ Before the end of the 117th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party, and became an independent. She later announced her retirement in March 2024.^[27] In May 2024, Joe Manchin also announced he had left the Democratic Party, and registered as an independent, citing “broken politics” as the deciding factor in his decision.^[28]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Included two interim appointees, Laphonza Butler (California) and George Helmy (New Jersey), who did not seek election.
^ ^a ^b The Independent Democrat incumbent Senators, Kyrsten Sinema and Joe Manchin, decided not to run re-election.
^ ^a ^b Included the interim appointee from Nebraska (Pete Ricketts) running for election.
^ Appointee elected
^ The last elections for this group of senators were in 2018, except for those elected in a special election or who were appointed after the resignation or death of a sitting senator, as noted.
^ ^a ^b Sinema was elected as a Democrat, and switched to being an independent in December 2022.
^ In both the regular election and the special election.
^ Democrat Dianne Feinstein won with 54.2% of the vote in 2018 against a fellow Democrat, but died in office on September 29, 2023.
^ Republican Ben Sasse won with 62.7% of the vote in 2020, but resigned January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida.
^ Democrat Bob Menendez won with 54.0% of the vote in 2018, but resigned August 20, 2024, due to criminal convictions.^[43]
^ ^a ^b Manchin was elected as a Democrat, and switched to being an independent in May 2024.
^ Democratic total includes Independents who caucus with the Democrats.
^ Montana was the “tipping-point state“.
^ In October 2023, Butler was appointed by Governor Gavin Newsom to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Dianne Feinstein.

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[1] Majority control in an evenly divided Senate is determined by the Vice President of the United States, who has the power to break tied votes in their constitutional capacity as President of the Senate; accordingly, Senate control requires 51 seats or 50 seats with control of the vice presidency.

[2] The U.S. vice president, who will be determined in 2024, breaks ties in a 50–50 Senate. Republicans need 50 seats if they win the vice presidency or 51 if they do not.

[Independents-6] All 4 independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Angus King of Maine, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) caucus with the Senate Democrats.^[2]^[3]

[Independents2-7] Both independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, and Angus King of Maine) caucus with the Senate Democrats.

[33] Before the end of the 117th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party, and became an independent. She later announced her retirement in March 2024.^[27] In May 2024, Joe Manchin also announced he had left the Democratic Party, and registered as an independent, citing “broken politics” as the deciding factor in his decision.^[28]

[Special-38] Included two interim appointees, Laphonza Butler (California) and George Helmy (New Jersey), who did not seek election.

[Independents_2-39] The Independent Democrat incumbent Senators, Kyrsten Sinema and Joe Manchin, decided not to run re-election.

[Nebraska-40] Included the interim appointee from Nebraska (Pete Ricketts) running for election.

[41] Appointee elected

[43] The last elections for this group of senators were in 2018, except for those elected in a special election or who were appointed after the resignation or death of a sitting senator, as noted.

[Sinema-53] Sinema was elected as a Democrat, and switched to being an independent in December 2022.

[California-54] In both the regular election and the special election.

[Feinstein-55] Democrat Dianne Feinstein won with 54.2% of the vote in 2018 against a fellow Democrat, but died in office on September 29, 2023.

[56] Republican Ben Sasse won with 62.7% of the vote in 2020, but resigned January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida.

[Menendez-58] Democrat Bob Menendez won with 54.0% of the vote in 2018, but resigned August 20, 2024, due to criminal convictions.^[43]

[Manchin-59] Manchin was elected as a Democrat, and switched to being an independent in May 2024.

[60] Democratic total includes Independents who caucus with the Democrats.

[64] Montana was the “tipping-point state“.

[72] In October 2023, Butler was appointed by Governor Gavin Newsom to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Dianne Feinstein.

[GPPV-3] “2024 General Election 119th Senate Popular Vote and FEC Total Receipts by Party” Archived November 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, The Green Papers, November 22, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[4] 2023 Congressional Record, Vol. 169, Page S22 (January 3, 2023)

[5] Svitek, Patrick. “Manchin changes party registration to independent, fueling speculation”. Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024. Manchin joins three other members of the Senate who identify as independents: Senators Bernie Sanders (Vermont), Angus King (Maine) and Kyrsten Sinema (Arizona), who caucus with Democrats. A Manchin spokesperson said he will continue to caucus with the Democrats.

[8] “Class I – Senators Whose Term of Service Expire in 2025”. United States Senate. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2024. Class I terms run from the beginning of the 116th Congress on January 3, 2019, to the end of the 118th Congress on January 3, 2025. Senators in Class I were elected to office in the November 2018 general election, unless they took their seat through appointment or special election.

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Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Angela Alsobrooks	1,650,912	54.64%	−10.22%
	Republican	Larry Hogan	1,294,344	42.84%	+12.53%
	Libertarian	Mike Scott	69,396	2.30%	+1.30%
	Write-in		6,726	0.22%	+0.12%
Total votes			3,021,378	100.00%
	Democratic hold

(2023 ←) 2024 United States elections (→ 2025)
U.S. President	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Straw polls Guam Puerto Rico
U.S. Senate	Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nebraska (special) Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
U.S. House (election ratings)	Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California 16th 20th sp 30th 45th 47th Colorado 4th sp Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland 6th Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 10th sp New Mexico New York 3rd sp 26th sp North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 6th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 18th sp Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin 8th sp Wyoming
Governors	American Samoa Delaware Lt. Gov Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Lt. Gov Washington Lt. Gov West Virginia
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